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ArcelorMittal Piling Handbook
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ArcelorMittal Piling Handbook
Product catalog summary
Foreword
The 2008 revision of the Eighth Edition of the Piling Handbook by ArcelorMittal emphasizes the company's leadership in steel production and foundation solutions. It serves as a technical guide for design engineers, with updates in sealants, noise, vibration, and installation.
The 2008 revision of the Eighth Edition of the Piling Handbook by ArcelorMittal emphasizes the company's leadership in steel production and foundation solutions. It serves as a technical guide for design engineers, with updates in sealants, noise, vibration, and installation.
Product Information
- Introduction: Steel sheet piling offers strength and durability with minimal weight, available in Z and U forms for various contract requirements.
- Typical Uses: Applications include river control, ports, bridge abutments, basements, and load-bearing foundations.
- Steel Qualities: Hot rolled steel piles comply with EN 10248 Part 1, while cold formed piles follow EN10249 Part 1 standards.
- Product Tolerances: Hot rolled products adhere to EN 10248 Part 2, with specific tolerances for dimensions.
- Section Profiles: Detailed drawings and specifications are available online, with periodic reviews.
- Maximum and Minimum Lengths: Steel sheet piles can be supplied up to 31m, with options for splicing longer lengths on-site.
- Interlocking Options: Various interlock systems are available for different pile types.
- Handling Holes: Optional handling holes can be provided for ease of use.
- Plating for Section Modulus and Durability: Plates can enhance strength and durability, especially in high corrosion areas.
- Corners and Junctions: A range of hot rolled special sections is available for creating corners and junctions.
Product Information Overview:
The document provides detailed specifications and properties of various U profile piles, including dimensions, sectional mass, moments of inertia, and section moduli.
The document provides detailed specifications and properties of various U profile piles, including dimensions, sectional mass, moments of inertia, and section moduli.
Specifications:
Tables list dimensions and properties of different pile sections, crucial for engineers to select the appropriate pile type.
Tables list dimensions and properties of different pile sections, crucial for engineers to select the appropriate pile type.
Interlocking and Handling:
U piles can be interlocked in pairs to reduce handling and pitching operations.
U piles can be interlocked in pairs to reduce handling and pitching operations.
Development of Section Modulus:
The section modulus of sheet piles is developed through factors like friction and embedment, with additional measures like crimping or welding for resistance to shear forces.
The section modulus of sheet piles is developed through factors like friction and embedment, with additional measures like crimping or welding for resistance to shear forces.
Crimping and Welding:
Details on crimping and welding techniques are provided, enhancing connection stability and performance.
Details on crimping and welding techniques are provided, enhancing connection stability and performance.
Recommendations:
Advises on the use of crimping or welding in specific conditions to ensure structural integrity.
Advises on the use of crimping or welding in specific conditions to ensure structural integrity.
Circular Construction
Steel sheet piling can form a complete circle without corner piles, with a maximum deviation angle of 5° for single piles.
Steel sheet piling can form a complete circle without corner piles, with a maximum deviation angle of 5° for single piles.
Straight Web Piles
Dimensions and properties for AS-500 Straight Web piles are detailed, with interlocking capabilities.
Dimensions and properties for AS-500 Straight Web piles are detailed, with interlocking capabilities.
Junction Piles
Junction piles are assembled by welding, with specific strength values for different sheet pile types.
Junction piles are assembled by welding, with specific strength values for different sheet pile types.
Combined Wall Systems
The HZ/AZ pile system is a combined wall system using HZ king piles and AZ sheet piles, with innovative combinations available.
The HZ/AZ pile system is a combined wall system using HZ king piles and AZ sheet piles, with innovative combinations available.
Box Piles
Welded box piles are fabricated from conventional hot rolled sheet piles, suitable for resisting vertical and horizontal forces.
Welded box piles are fabricated from conventional hot rolled sheet piles, suitable for resisting vertical and horizontal forces.
Overview: The document is a technical guide from the Piling Handbook, 8th edition, revised in 2008, providing detailed specifications and properties of various piling systems.
1. Box Piles:
- CAU, CU, and CPU-R Box Piles: Dimensions, sectional areas, mass, moments of inertia, and elastic section moduli are provided for different configurations.
- Quadruple Box Piles: Detailed specifications for CAU and CU quadruple box piles are provided.
2. Special Arrangements:
- CAZ + AZ Combinations: Mass, moment of inertia, and elastic section modulus data for various configurations are provided.
- Combined Walls with U-type Sections: Specifications for AU and PU box and sheet piles are detailed.
3. Load Bearing Foundations:
- Development of rolled corner sections for creating load-bearing foundations is described, highlighting environmental benefits and load testing capabilities.
- Tables provide dimensions and properties for foundations using sheet pile/omega combinations.
4. Jagged Walls:
- Jagged walls are formed by threading AZ piles in reverse, creating efficient barriers for specific applications.
5. Cold Formed Sheet Piles:
- Introduces cold-formed sheet piles, expanding the range of available sections.
6. PAL and PAU Sections:
- Specifications for PAL and PAU sections are provided, including dimensions, sectional properties, and coating details.
Introduction
Preparation of the steel surface is crucial for performance. Sealants prevent water flow through interlocks in sheet piles, with different types offering varying levels of durability and performance.
Preparation of the steel surface is crucial for performance. Sealants prevent water flow through interlocks in sheet piles, with different types offering varying levels of durability and performance.
Sealant Types and Applications
Soft sealants act as displacement seals, while firmer sealants form compression seals. Hydrophilic sealants swell upon water contact.
Soft sealants act as displacement seals, while firmer sealants form compression seals. Hydrophilic sealants swell upon water contact.
Installation Techniques
Minimizing interlocks reduces water ingress risk. Techniques like pitch and drive are preferred for better sealant performance.
Minimizing interlocks reduces water ingress risk. Techniques like pitch and drive are preferred for better sealant performance.
Sealant Location and Application
Sealants should be applied to specific interlocks based on their position and exposure.
Sealants should be applied to specific interlocks based on their position and exposure.
Chemical Durability and Permeability
Sealants exhibit varying durability against chemicals, with permeability depending on proper interlocking and application.
Sealants exhibit varying durability against chemicals, with permeability depending on proper interlocking and application.
Welding and Horizontal Sealing
Welding is effective for sealing interlocks, especially in accessible areas.
Welding is effective for sealing interlocks, especially in accessible areas.
Durability and Corrosion
Steel piling is susceptible to corrosion, with protective measures extending the life of steel piles.
Steel piling is susceptible to corrosion, with protective measures extending the life of steel piles.
Corrosion Rates and Environments
1. Soil Corrosion: Maximum rate is 0.012 mm/side per year.
2. Atmospheric Corrosion: Rates vary by environment, with higher rates near the sea.
3. Fresh Water Corrosion: Lower rates than sea water.
4. Marine Environments: Different zones have varying rates, with minimal corrosion below bed-level.
1. Soil Corrosion: Maximum rate is 0.012 mm/side per year.
2. Atmospheric Corrosion: Rates vary by environment, with higher rates near the sea.
3. Fresh Water Corrosion: Lower rates than sea water.
4. Marine Environments: Different zones have varying rates, with minimal corrosion below bed-level.
Localised Corrosion
Localised corrosion can be severe, with rates of 0.3 - 0.8 mm/year.
Localised corrosion can be severe, with rates of 0.3 - 0.8 mm/year.
Effective Life of Steel Piles
The effective life depends on stress and corrosion, with tables providing mean thickness loss over time.
The effective life depends on stress and corrosion, with tables providing mean thickness loss over time.
Durability Calculations
1. Establish corrosion losses.
2. Determine maximum bending moment.
3. Calculate minimum required section modulus.
4. Select appropriate pile section.
1. Establish corrosion losses.
2. Determine maximum bending moment.
3. Calculate minimum required section modulus.
4. Select appropriate pile section.
Durability of Steel Piling Structures
1. Elastic Section Modulus Against Loss of Thickness
Discusses the impact of thickness loss on the elastic section modulus for different piles.
1. Elastic Section Modulus Against Loss of Thickness
Discusses the impact of thickness loss on the elastic section modulus for different piles.
2. Protection for New and Existing Structures
Protective measures may be necessary in certain environments, including heavier sections, high yield steel, coatings, cathodic protection, and concrete encasement.
Protective measures may be necessary in certain environments, including heavier sections, high yield steel, coatings, cathodic protection, and concrete encasement.
3. Measures for New Structures
- Heavier Sections: Serve as a corrosion allowance.
- High Yield Steel: Allows for greater permissible thickness loss.
- Coating Systems: Recommended based on exposure conditions.
- Cathodic Protection: Prevents corrosion up to the half-tide mark.
- Concrete Encasement: Protects steel piles, especially in splash zones.
4. Measures for Existing Structures
- Plating of Sections: Attaching plates to thicken affected areas.
- Protective Coatings: Surface preparation is crucial for durability.
- Cathodic Protection: Can be retrofitted to existing structures.
- Frontal Protection: Creating a new steel face in front of the existing structure.
- Other Options: Includes electrochemical treatments and new coating developments.
5. Recommendations for Various Environments
Recommendations are based on corrosion data and experience, tailored to specific environmental conditions.
Recommendations are based on corrosion data and experience, tailored to specific environmental conditions.
Durability of Steel Piling:
Steel piles driven into undisturbed ground generally require no protection, but protection may be necessary for piles driven into recent or industrial fill soils.
Steel piles driven into undisturbed ground generally require no protection, but protection may be necessary for piles driven into recent or industrial fill soils.
Earth and Water Pressure:
Emphasizes the importance of understanding soil properties for designing retaining walls.
Emphasizes the importance of understanding soil properties for designing retaining walls.
Mechanical Analysis
Discusses the mechanical analysis of soils, including testing methods and soil properties.
Discusses the mechanical analysis of soils, including testing methods and soil properties.
Cohesive Soils (Clays and Silts)
Shear strength testing includes direct and indirect methods.
Shear strength testing includes direct and indirect methods.
Mixed Soils and Rock
Methods for cohesive soils can apply to mixed soils, with rock strength indicated by drilling resistance.
Methods for cohesive soils can apply to mixed soils, with rock strength indicated by drilling resistance.
Geophysical and Chemical Analysis
Geophysical surveys supplement borehole sampling, while chemical analysis assesses the impact of natural deposits and industrial waste.
Geophysical surveys supplement borehole sampling, while chemical analysis assesses the impact of natural deposits and industrial waste.
Seepage Water
The impact of water on soil properties is crucial during site investigation.
The impact of water on soil properties is crucial during site investigation.
Design Information for Steel Sheet Pile Retaining Walls
Essential information includes site drawings, borehole logs, soil analyses, and environmental conditions.
Essential information includes site drawings, borehole logs, soil analyses, and environmental conditions.
Typical Soil Properties
A table provides typical soil properties for various soil types.
A table provides typical soil properties for various soil types.
Earth Pressure Calculation
Earth pressures are calculated using Limit State Design, considering Ultimate and Serviceability Limit States.
Earth pressures are calculated using Limit State Design, considering Ultimate and Serviceability Limit States.
Short Term and Long Term Stress Analysis
Short term analysis uses total stress conditions, while long term analysis considers effective stress.
Short term analysis uses total stress conditions, while long term analysis considers effective stress.
Specifications and Procedures:
Discusses the calculation of earth pressure coefficients and design considerations for retaining walls.
Discusses the calculation of earth pressure coefficients and design considerations for retaining walls.
Design Considerations:
Wall friction is beneficial for wall stability, reducing Ka and increasing Kp.
Wall friction is beneficial for wall stability, reducing Ka and increasing Kp.
Tables and Data:
Tables provide values of Ka and Kp for different angles of shearing resistance and wall friction.
Tables provide values of Ka and Kp for different angles of shearing resistance and wall friction.
Tension Cracks:
In cohesive soils, tension cracks can develop when calculated active pressure is negative.
In cohesive soils, tension cracks can develop when calculated active pressure is negative.
Groundwater Pressures:
For Ultimate Limit State Design, the most unfavorable water pressures are considered.
For Ultimate Limit State Design, the most unfavorable water pressures are considered.
Permanent and Temporary Structures:
Permanent structures use total stress parameters, while temporary structures use total stress parameters with monitoring and contingency measures.
Permanent structures use total stress parameters, while temporary structures use total stress parameters with monitoring and contingency measures.
Additional Considerations:
Battered walls up to 5° can be neglected, with surcharge effects treated like superimposed loads.
Battered walls up to 5° can be neglected, with surcharge effects treated like superimposed loads.
Earth Pressure Calculations:
Design earth pressures for Ultimate Limit State checks are calculated using moderately conservative soil parameters.
Design earth pressures for Ultimate Limit State checks are calculated using moderately conservative soil parameters.
Introduction
The document is an excerpt from the Piling Handbook, 8th edition, focusing on the design of sheet pile structures.
The document is an excerpt from the Piling Handbook, 8th edition, focusing on the design of sheet pile structures.
Earth and Water Pressure
Highlights the differences between active and passive earth pressures in soft/firm clays.
Highlights the differences between active and passive earth pressures in soft/firm clays.
Design of Sheet Pile Structures
- Types of Walls: Retaining walls are categorized into cantilever and supported types.
- General Considerations: Design must account for ultimate and serviceability limit states.
- Design Situations: Includes applied loads, geometry, material characteristics, and environmental effects.
- Selection of Design System: Engineers can choose from simple limit equilibrium designs to complex finite element analyses.
- Factor of Safety: Various methods are used to ensure stability.
Key Calculations
Provides specific calculations for earth pressures at different depths and soil types.
Provides specific calculations for earth pressures at different depths and soil types.
Conclusion
Emphasizes the importance of considering all potential design situations and applying appropriate safety factors.
Emphasizes the importance of considering all potential design situations and applying appropriate safety factors.
Design of Sheet Pile Structures
Introduction: Discusses the design of sheet pile structures, focusing on safety factors and limit state design principles.
Design Methods:
- Gross Pressure Method: Applies safety factors to the gross passive pressure diagram.
- Nett Pressure Method: Known as the Piling Handbook method, applies safety factors to the nett passive pressure diagram.
- Revised Method: Developed by Burland and Potts, applies safety factors to the moment of nett available passive resistance.
- Factor on Strength Method: Reduces soil strength parameters by a factor.
Limit State Designs: Designs must consider both Ultimate Limit State (ULS) and Serviceability Limit State (SLS).
Free or Fixed Earth Design: The choice affects the deflected shape of the wall.
Dealing with Water: Water pressure conditions should be the most onerous possible.
Surcharge Loading: A minimum surcharge load is recommended.
Support Location: The location of supports affects structural requirements.
Walls with Multiple Levels of Support: Multiple support levels change the potential failure mode.
Design of Sheet Pile Structures
1. Nett Pressure and Soil Support: Discusses scenarios where nett pressure falls to zero along a wall.
2. Softened Zone: For soft cohesive soils, a linear increase in cohesion is recommended.
3. Bending Moment Reduction: Soil arching can reduce wall pressures, leading to a reduction in maximum bending moments.
4. Calculating Support Forces: Advises increasing calculated reaction forces by 85% for limit equilibrium methods.
5. Structural Design of the Wall: Involves permissible design steel stress.
6. Selection of Pile Section: Determined by bending moments, installation conditions, and corrosion effects.
7. Design Bending Stresses: A factor of safety of 1.5 is applied to yield strength.
8. Checklist of Design Input Parameters: Outlines parameters for ULS and SLS conditions.
9. Analysis of Pressure Diagrams: Pressure conditions should be calculated at every change of state.
Retaining Walls: Provides an introduction to retaining walls, design activities, and example calculations.
Specifications and Procedures:
1. Determine soil parameters, groundwater pressures, load case combinations, and design geometry for ULS calculations.
2. Conduct ULS calculations using limit equilibrium methods or soil-structure interaction analysis.
3. Perform ULS analysis to determine wall bending moment, shear force, and prop load.
4. If SLS assessment is required, determine soil parameters and perform SLS calculations.
5. Check compliance with allowable stress criteria for steel sheet pile walls.
6. Calculate ULS bending moments and shear force for structural design.
1. Determine soil parameters, groundwater pressures, load case combinations, and design geometry for ULS calculations.
2. Conduct ULS calculations using limit equilibrium methods or soil-structure interaction analysis.
3. Perform ULS analysis to determine wall bending moment, shear force, and prop load.
4. If SLS assessment is required, determine soil parameters and perform SLS calculations.
5. Check compliance with allowable stress criteria for steel sheet pile walls.
6. Calculate ULS bending moments and shear force for structural design.
Pressure Distributions:
- The pressure diagram for retaining wall design typically involves a triangular distribution.
- Modifications may be necessary to account for wall movement and soil/pile interaction.
- The pressure diagram for retaining wall design typically involves a triangular distribution.
- Modifications may be necessary to account for wall movement and soil/pile interaction.
Low Propped Walls:
- Earth pressures on retaining walls with a single level of support differ from conventional calculations.
- Earth pressures on retaining walls with a single level of support differ from conventional calculations.
Relieving Platforms:
- Used to reduce soil pressures by supporting surcharge loads.
- Used to reduce soil pressures by supporting surcharge loads.
Wall Deflections:
- Total deflection includes deflection from applied loads and soil compression.
- Total deflection includes deflection from applied loads and soil compression.
Anchorage Systems:
- Effective anchorage must be outside the potential active failure zone.
- Effective anchorage must be outside the potential active failure zone.
Specifications and Design Considerations:
Discusses the design and specifications of retaining walls, focusing on structural integrity when a tie rod fails.
Discusses the design and specifications of retaining walls, focusing on structural integrity when a tie rod fails.
Anchorage Types and Calculations:
Various anchorage types are discussed, with equations for calculating shear resistance.
Various anchorage types are discussed, with equations for calculating shear resistance.
Walings Design:
Walings are typically made from steel channel sections and must accommodate tie rods.
Walings are typically made from steel channel sections and must accommodate tie rods.
Ultimate Bending Capacity:
A table shows the ultimate bending capacity of walings made from back-to-back channels.
A table shows the ultimate bending capacity of walings made from back-to-back channels.
Tie Rods:
Tie rods are available in various steel grades, with high tensile options becoming more common.
Tie rods are available in various steel grades, with high tensile options becoming more common.
Tables and Data:
Includes tables detailing dimensions, weight, and bending capacities of walings.
Includes tables detailing dimensions, weight, and bending capacities of walings.
Overview: This document is a technical guide from the Piling Handbook, 8th edition, focusing on the design and installation of tie rods in retaining walls.
Specifications: Tie rod assemblies typically consist of two lengths of tie rod, a nut, a plate, and a turnbuckle for length adjustment.
Corrosion Protection: In aggressive environments, corrosion protection is crucial.
Special Fittings: Options like forged eye tension bars and spherical seatings are available to prevent bending stress.
Site Assembly: Provides a step-by-step procedure for assembling and tensioning tie rods.
Example Calculations: Includes detailed calculations for different retaining wall scenarios.
Key Calculations: Provides calculations for active and passive pressures, moments, and bending moments.
Specifications and Procedures:
Provides detailed calculations and methodologies for designing retaining walls and cofferdams.
Provides detailed calculations and methodologies for designing retaining walls and cofferdams.
Design Recommendations:
Recommends using PU6 piles in steel grade S270GP for retaining walls.
Recommends using PU6 piles in steel grade S270GP for retaining walls.
Standards and Norms:
Applies a partial factor of 1.2 to soil loadings to determine the ultimate design load.
Applies a partial factor of 1.2 to soil loadings to determine the ultimate design load.
Key Calculations and Data:
Several calculations are provided for moments, bending moments, and shear loads.
Several calculations are provided for moments, bending moments, and shear loads.
Design of Cofferdams:
Outlines the planning and design of cofferdams, emphasizing the need for a clear sequence of construction activities.
Outlines the planning and design of cofferdams, emphasizing the need for a clear sequence of construction activities.
Causes of Failure:
Potential causes of cofferdam failure are discussed, including design and installation errors.
Potential causes of cofferdam failure are discussed, including design and installation errors.
Support Arrangements:
The arrangement of supports is critical to the design of cofferdams.
The arrangement of supports is critical to the design of cofferdams.
Design and Positioning of Frames:
Frames should be positioned to allow concrete lifts to be completed and support loads transferred to permanent structures before removal.
Frames should be positioned to allow concrete lifts to be completed and support loads transferred to permanent structures before removal.
Design of Cofferdams:
Involves assessing the structure's lifespan to select appropriate geotechnical parameters.
Involves assessing the structure's lifespan to select appropriate geotechnical parameters.
Single Skin Cofferdams:
Formed with sheet piles supported by internal props or external anchors.
Formed with sheet piles supported by internal props or external anchors.
Cofferdam Arrangements:
For river crossings, cofferdams may be constructed in stages.
For river crossings, cofferdams may be constructed in stages.
Design Example:
An example illustrates the iterative nature of cofferdam design.
An example illustrates the iterative nature of cofferdam design.
Figures and Calculations:
Figures illustrate frame spacing and pressure diagrams.
Figures illustrate frame spacing and pressure diagrams.
Specifications:
Provides specifications for Circular Hollow Section (CHS) struts.
Provides specifications for Circular Hollow Section (CHS) struts.
Procedures:
Outlines procedures for constructing circular cofferdams.
Outlines procedures for constructing circular cofferdams.
Norms and Standards:
Key standards referenced include BS5950-1:2000 for axial load calculations.
Key standards referenced include BS5950-1:2000 for axial load calculations.
Recommendations:
Includes ensuring the cofferdam diameter is appropriate for the ground conditions.
Includes ensuring the cofferdam diameter is appropriate for the ground conditions.
Key Data and Tables:
Includes tables showing the axial capacity of various CHS sizes and lengths.
Includes tables showing the axial capacity of various CHS sizes and lengths.
Critical Information:
Important parameters include the ULS load factors and effective length factor.
Important parameters include the ULS load factors and effective length factor.
Introduction to Circular Cell Construction: Cellular cofferdams are self-supporting gravity structures made from straight web sheet piles.
Interlock Strength: The interlock strength complies with EN 10248.
Dimensions and Properties of AS 500 Straight Web Piles: Provides detailed dimensions, properties, and tolerances.
Junction Piles and Types of Cells: Junction piles are assembled by welding.
Equivalent Width and Ratio: The equivalent width (we) is crucial for stability verification.
Geometry of Circular and Diaphragm Cells
Circular Cells:
Outlines the geometry of circular cells used in construction.
Circular Cells:
Outlines the geometry of circular cells used in construction.
Diaphragm Cells:
Describes diaphragm cells with parameters like radius and angle.
Describes diaphragm cells with parameters like radius and angle.
Handling and Storage of Straight-Web Sheet Piles
Straight-web sheet piles require careful handling due to their low flexural stiffness.
Straight-web sheet piles require careful handling due to their low flexural stiffness.
Bearing Piles and Axially Loaded Sheet Piles
Introduction:
Steel sections are used as bearing piles to transmit vertical loads.
Introduction:
Steel sections are used as bearing piles to transmit vertical loads.
Types of Steel Bearing Piles:
Lists four basic types: H Piles, Box Piles, Tubular Piles, and Sheet Piles.
Lists four basic types: H Piles, Box Piles, Tubular Piles, and Sheet Piles.
Design Considerations:
Focuses on ultimate axial capacity, determined by testing or empirical formulas.
Focuses on ultimate axial capacity, determined by testing or empirical formulas.
Introduction
Provides detailed guidelines on the use of steel bearing piles and axially loaded sheet piles.
Provides detailed guidelines on the use of steel bearing piles and axially loaded sheet piles.
Types of Load Bearing Piles
Steel bearing piles are generally considered fully laterally restrained by the soil.
Steel bearing piles are generally considered fully laterally restrained by the soil.
Determination of Effective Length
The effective length of a pile is crucial for determining its slenderness ratio.
The effective length of a pile is crucial for determining its slenderness ratio.
Vertical Load Capacity
The ultimate load capacity of a pile is assessed using methods like the Cone Penetration Test (CPT).
The ultimate load capacity of a pile is assessed using methods like the Cone Penetration Test (CPT).
Pile Capacity from End Bearing
Steel piles can transmit loads through end bearing.
Steel piles can transmit loads through end bearing.
Piles Subjected to Tensile Forces
Steel bearing piles can withstand high tensile loads.
Steel bearing piles can withstand high tensile loads.
Lateral Loads and Pile Groups
Lateral loads vary in importance depending on the structure.
Lateral loads vary in importance depending on the structure.
Negative Skin Friction
This phenomenon occurs when piles are driven through soft soils.
This phenomenon occurs when piles are driven through soft soils.
Set Up
Set up refers to the recovery of soil properties after pile driving.
Set up refers to the recovery of soil properties after pile driving.
Testing Load Capacity
Four main tests are used to determine load capacity.
Four main tests are used to determine load capacity.
Conclusion
Provides comprehensive guidelines for the design, installation, and testing of steel bearing piles.
Provides comprehensive guidelines for the design, installation, and testing of steel bearing piles.
Welding of Steel Piles
Two primary types of welds are used in steel piling: primary welds and splice welds.
Two primary types of welds are used in steel piling: primary welds and splice welds.
Installation of Bearing Piles
Traditionally, bearing piles were installed using impact and vibro driving methods.
Traditionally, bearing piles were installed using impact and vibro driving methods.
Driving Shoes
Driving shoes are used when piles are end-bearing on non-horizontal rock surfaces.
Driving shoes are used when piles are end-bearing on non-horizontal rock surfaces.
Axially Loaded Sheet Piles
Sheet piles can carry vertical loads in addition to horizontal loads.
Sheet piles can carry vertical loads in addition to horizontal loads.
Steel Sheet Piling in Bridge Abutments
Steel sheet piles can form bridge abutments.
Steel sheet piles can form bridge abutments.
Integral Bridge Abutments
Steel piles are beneficial in integral bridge abutments.
Steel piles are beneficial in integral bridge abutments.
Steel Sheet Piles in Basements
Sheet piles are advantageous for basement construction on restricted sites.
Sheet piles are advantageous for basement construction on restricted sites.
Load Bearing Sheet Piles
Sheet piles designed for ultimate conditions require additional length for axial load support.
Sheet piles designed for ultimate conditions require additional length for axial load support.
Installation of Sheet Piles
Introduces modern methods for installing sheet piles, emphasizing safety and alignment.
Introduces modern methods for installing sheet piles, emphasizing safety and alignment.
Staggered Driving Technique
Recommended for pile installation in hard conditions.
Recommended for pile installation in hard conditions.
Cofferdam and Closure Installation
Accuracy is crucial when installing cofferdams or high modulus walls.
Accuracy is crucial when installing cofferdams or high modulus walls.
Driving Systems and Hammer Types
Choosing the right driving system is essential for successful pile installation.
Choosing the right driving system is essential for successful pile installation.
Impact Hammers
Impact hammers vary in size and mechanism.
Impact hammers vary in size and mechanism.
Refusal Criteria
Refusal criteria for hard driving should be set at 25 mm per 10 blows.
Refusal criteria for hard driving should be set at 25 mm per 10 blows.
Hydraulic Hammers
Single-acting hydraulic hammers are suitable for Z or U-piles.
Single-acting hydraulic hammers are suitable for Z or U-piles.
Vibratory Pile Drivers
Vibratory drivers reduce soil friction, allowing piles to be driven with minimal load.
Vibratory drivers reduce soil friction, allowing piles to be driven with minimal load.
Ground Conditions
Vibratory driving is best for non-cohesive, water-saturated soils.
Vibratory driving is best for non-cohesive, water-saturated soils.
Installation of Sheet Piles
Refusal Criteria, Limitations, and Hard Driving
Different manufacturers provide various formulae to determine the size of vibratory drivers needed.
Different manufacturers provide various formulae to determine the size of vibratory drivers needed.
Setting Up the Hammer and Driving Methods
The choice of hammer type and model depends on the driving method.
The choice of hammer type and model depends on the driving method.
Excavator Mounted Vibrodrivers
Used for installing very short piles.
Used for installing very short piles.
Vibrationless Sheet Pile Pressing
This method allows for the installation of sheet piles without noise and vibration.
This method allows for the installation of sheet piles without noise and vibration.
The ‘Japanese’ Silent Pressing Machine
Used for driving single piles, especially suited for cohesive soils.
Used for driving single piles, especially suited for cohesive soils.
Procedure and Control
The Japanese silent press jacks piles to full depth using a pitch and drive procedure.
The Japanese silent press jacks piles to full depth using a pitch and drive procedure.
Operational Issues and Suitability
These machines are best for clayey, cohesive soils.
These machines are best for clayey, cohesive soils.
Panel Type Silent Pressing Machines
Drive sheet piles after installation in a panel.
Drive sheet piles after installation in a panel.
Silent Pressing and High Frequency Vibrating Combined
This system combines silent panel drive with telescopic leader rig versatility.
This system combines silent panel drive with telescopic leader rig versatility.
Silent Pressing and Augering Combined
The Super Crush Piling System allows silent piling into rock.
The Super Crush Piling System allows silent piling into rock.
The Soil
Site Conditions
Understanding site conditions is essential for successful sheet pile driving.
Understanding site conditions is essential for successful sheet pile driving.
Soil Characteristics
Site investigation provides information on soil stratification and other parameters.
Site investigation provides information on soil stratification and other parameters.
Consistency of Cohesive Soils: Provides a table correlating the consistency of cohesive soils with test results.
Driving System Characteristics: Different soil types affect the driving characteristics of sheet piles.
Choice of Sheet Pile Section: The selection depends on properties like stiffness and length.
Influence of Steel Grade and Shape: Higher steel grades increase resistance to deformation.
Installation Method Influence: The installation technique affects driveability.
Driving Dynamics: The rate of penetration and driving stress are indicators of driving conditions.
Resistance to Driving: Sheet piles face resistance from soil and interlocks.
Energy Absorption and Hammer Efficiency
Discusses the relationship between energy absorption and the ratio of the impact hammer's ram weight to the weight of the pile.
Discusses the relationship between energy absorption and the ratio of the impact hammer's ram weight to the weight of the pile.
Delivered Energy
For impact hammers, delivered energy is calculated differently based on the type of hammer.
For impact hammers, delivered energy is calculated differently based on the type of hammer.
Measuring Delivered Energy
Energy measurement can be done via hammer operation equipment or dynamic monitoring.
Energy measurement can be done via hammer operation equipment or dynamic monitoring.
Sizing the Impact Hammer
Modern hydraulic hammers can overcome significant resistance.
Modern hydraulic hammers can overcome significant resistance.
Driving Dynamics and Pile Selection
Selection of pile sections should ensure peak driving stress does not exceed 75% of the yield stress.
Selection of pile sections should ensure peak driving stress does not exceed 75% of the yield stress.
Hammer Efficiency and Peak Stress
Lower hammer efficiency can increase peak stresses.
Lower hammer efficiency can increase peak stresses.
Driveability and Pile Section Choice
Advises on selecting pile sections based on driving conditions.
Advises on selecting pile sections based on driving conditions.
Vibro-Drivers
Vibrohammer selection focuses on maintaining penetration rates.
Vibrohammer selection focuses on maintaining penetration rates.
Guide Walings
Guide walings support piles during pitching and driving.
Guide walings support piles during pitching and driving.
Overview: Provides detailed guidelines on the installation of sheet piles, focusing on maintaining alignment, handling, and driving techniques.
Specifications and Procedures:
- Alignment Control: Guide frames and temporary works are essential for maintaining alignment.
- Driving Techniques: Two levels of guide walings are advised for rope-suspended hammers.
- Handling and Lifting: Piles should be stacked on firm ground.
- Pitching and Interlocking: Safety plans are crucial during pitching.
Driving Assistance:
- Jetting: Used to ease pile driving by reducing soil resistance.
- Silent Pressing: Effective in cohesive soils.
- Blasting: Applicable for driving piles in rock.
Safety and Recommendations:
- Ensure all personnel are trained and follow safety protocols.
- Use appropriate equipment and avoid makeshift solutions.
- Plan for water disposal when using jetting techniques.
Pre-augering and Driving Corrections
Pre-augering is used to loosen dense cohesionless strata before pressing sheet piles.
Pre-augering is used to loosen dense cohesionless strata before pressing sheet piles.
Drawing Down and Wall Length Control
In soft ground, piles may draw down adjacent piles below their intended level.
In soft ground, piles may draw down adjacent piles below their intended level.
Driving Tolerances and Special Installation Aspects
Driving tolerances are specified for plan deviation, level deviation, and verticality.
Driving tolerances are specified for plan deviation, level deviation, and verticality.
Extraction Methods
Piles used for temporary protection can be extracted using vibratory or jacking extractors.
Piles used for temporary protection can be extracted using vibratory or jacking extractors.
Installing Combined HZ or High Modulus Walls
High Modulus walls use King or Primary piles connected by secondary sheet piles.
High Modulus walls use King or Primary piles connected by secondary sheet piles.
Introduction
Discusses the environmental impact of pile installation on construction sites.
Discusses the environmental impact of pile installation on construction sites.
Modern Piling Techniques
Advancements in hydraulic pile pressing technology allow for nearly silent and vibration-free installation.
Advancements in hydraulic pile pressing technology allow for nearly silent and vibration-free installation.
Regulatory Guidance
Local authorities may impose restrictions on piling operations.
Local authorities may impose restrictions on piling operations.
Vibration from Piling Operations
Vibrations from pile driving can disturb humans and potentially damage buildings.
Vibrations from pile driving can disturb humans and potentially damage buildings.
Vibration Level Estimation
Empirical equations are provided to estimate peak particle velocity (ppv).
Empirical equations are provided to estimate peak particle velocity (ppv).
Significance of Vibration
Ground vibrations can disturb people and risk cosmetic or structural damage to buildings.
Ground vibrations can disturb people and risk cosmetic or structural damage to buildings.
Vibration Sensitivity and Standards
Humans are highly sensitive to vibrations, with a perception threshold around 0.2 mm/s.
Humans are highly sensitive to vibrations, with a perception threshold around 0.2 mm/s.
Structural Damage from Vibrations
There is limited evidence that vibrations from piling cause cosmetic damage to well-maintained buildings.
There is limited evidence that vibrations from piling cause cosmetic damage to well-maintained buildings.
Compaction and Settlement
Vibrations can compact loose granular soils.
Vibrations can compact loose granular soils.
Noise from Piling Operations
Noise generated during pile driving can be disruptive.
Noise generated during pile driving can be disruptive.
Health and Safety Concerns
Prolonged exposure to noise can cause hearing impairment.
Prolonged exposure to noise can cause hearing impairment.
Overview: Provides detailed technical specifications and properties of various piling sections, including U piles, Z piles, and other related sections.
1. Specifications of Piling Sections:
- U Piles: Lists dimensions and properties of U piles.
- Corus and ArcelorMittal Sections: Tables provide dimensions and properties for sections from these manufacturers.
2. Conversion Factors:
- Includes a comprehensive list of conversion factors for various measurements.
3. Bending Moments and Beam Properties:
- Details on bending moments in beams are provided.
4. Properties of Shapes:
- Formulas for calculating the moment of inertia, section modulus, and radius of gyration for different geometric shapes.
5. Mensuration of Plane Surfaces and Solids:
- Formulas for calculating areas and volumes of various geometric figures.
6. Acknowledgements:
- Acknowledges contributions from various individuals and emphasizes the accuracy of the information at the time of publication.
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Catalog excerpts
Piling Handbook
Open the catalog to page 1
Piling Handbook, 8th edition (revised 2008) Welcome to the 2008 revision of the Eighth Edition of the Piling Handbook. ArcelorMittal is the world’s number one steel company with 310,000 employees in more than 60 countries, and a crude steel production of 116 million tonnes in 2007, representing around 10% of world steel output. ArcelorMittal is also the world’s largest producer of hot rolled steel sheet piles (HRSSP), and market leader in foundation solutions. From its plants in Luxembourg, ArcelorMittal Belval and Differdange produces around 680,000 tonnes of steel sheet piles that are sold...
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4 Earth and water pressure 5 Design of sheet pile 8 Charts for retaining walls 9 Circular cell construction design & installation 10 Bearing piles and axially loaded sheet piles 11 Installation of sheet piles 12 Noise and vibration from piling operations
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Piling Handbook, 8th edition (revised 2008) Product information Contents Page 1.6 Maximum and minimum lengths 5 1.9 Plating to increase section modulus 6 1.10 Plating to enhance durability 6 1.12 Stacking of sheet piles 8 1.13.1 Z profile piles - Dimensions & properties 9 1.13.3 Crimping and welding of interlocks 15 1.14.1 U profile piles - Dimensions & properties 17 1.14.3 Crimping and welding of interlocks 25 1.15.1 AS-500 straight web piles - Dimensions 1.16 Combined wall systems 29 1.16.1 HZ/AZ pile system 29 1.16.3 Special arrangements - CAZ + AZ combinations 37 1.16.4 Combined walls with...
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Piling Handbook, 8th edition (revised 2008) Product information
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Piling Handbook, 8th edition (revised 2008) Product information 1.1 Introduction Steel sheet piling is used in many types of temporary works and permanent structures. The sections are designed to provide the maximum strength and durability at the lowest possible weight consistent with good driving qualities. The design of the section interlocks facilitates pitching and driving and results in a continuous wall with a series of closely fitting joints. A comprehensive range of sections in both Z and U forms with a wide range of sizes and weights is obtainable in various different grades of steel...
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Piling Handbook, 8th edition (revised 2008) Product information Basements Sheet piling is an ideal material for constructing basement walls as it requires minimal construction width. Its properties are fully utilised in both the temporary and permanent cases and it offers significant cost and programme savings. Sheet piles can also support vertical loads from the structure above. Underground car parks One specific form of basement where steel sheet piling has been found to be particularly effective is for the creation of underground car parks. The fact that steel sheet piles can be driven tight...
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Piling Handbook, 8th edition (revised 2008) Product information 1.3 Steel qualities Hot rolled steel piling is supplied to EN 10248 Part 1 to the grade designations detailed below. Table 1.3.1 Steel qualities - Hot rolled steel piles Minimum elongation on a gauge length of L0 = 5.65 √S0 % * The values in the table apply to longitudinal test pieces for the tensile test. S 460 AP (Mill specification) is also available but please contact ArcelorMittal Commercial RPS before specifying. Steel grades with increased copper content offering higher durability in the splash zone as discussed in the Durability...
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Piling Handbook, 8th edition (revised 2008) Product information 1.4 Product tolerances Hot rolled sheet piling products are supplied to EN 10248 Part 2 unless an alternative standard (i.e. ASTM, JIS ) is specified. Fig 1.4 Z piles Width Single piles Interlocked piles Wall thickness Z piles U piles H piles Straight web piles Cold formed tolerances can be found on page 1/50 Drawings of all the pile sections available from ArcelorMittal are located at the following website www.arcelormittal.com/sheetpiling Sheet pile sections are subject to periodic review and minor changes to the profile may result....
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Piling Handbook, 8th edition (revised 2008) Product information 1.6 Maximum and Minimum lengths Steel sheet piling can be supplied in lengths up to 31 m (HZ piles are available up to 33m long) but particular care will be required when handling long lengths of the lighter sections. Should piles be needed which are longer than 31m, splicing to create the required length may be carried out on site. When short piles are to be supplied direct from the mill it may be advantageous to order them in multiples of the required length and in excess of 6m long with cutting to length being carried out on site....
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Piling Handbook, 8th edition (revised 2008) Product information 1.9 Plating to increase section modulus When increased section modulus or inertia is required to cater for high bending moments over part of the pile length, it may be economic to attach appropriately sized plates to the pans of the piles to locally enhance the engineering properties of the section. It is generally economic to consider this option rather than just selecting a larger pile section when the pile is very long or when the pile is at the top of the range anyway. 1.10 Plating to enhance durability Plates can be attached...
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Piling Handbook, 8th edition (revised 2008) Product information Technical assistance is available on request to ascertain what is required for a particular project. Drawings of the various rolled profiles may be downloaded from the following website www.arcelormittal.com/sheetpiling. Please note that: - generally bent corners will be supplied as single piles. - corner sections (C9, C14, Delta13, Omerga18) are not compatible with GU sections. Contact our technical department for alternative solutions. Chapter 1/7
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Piling Handbook, 8th edition (revised 2008) Product information 1.12 Stacking of sheet piles Fig 1.12 When stacking piles on site it is recommended that they are placed on timber or steel spacers – to allow straps or chains to be placed around the bundles – and on a level surface to prevent the piles being distorted. The spacers should be placed at regular intervals up to 4m apart along the length of the piles and it is recommended that the overhang is limited to 1.5m. It is recommended that pile bundles are stacked not more than 4 high to prevent excessive loads on the bottom tier. Bundles should...
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