| | | Topko @üf0©ü Mathematical and tridimensional modelling With the solutions it offers to such problems as the management of digital models, volume calculation, leveling, management of profiles and cross sections, the module for the 3D management of surveys is an indispensable tool for all those who deal with 3D topography. | | |
| | | those situations will be solved, where contour lines overlap because of spline rounding off. The drawing of the main countour lines is performed with a different thickness and with indication of the elevation. Volume calculation It is possible to calculate the volume of difference between two different digital models (to estimate the size of an excavation, the earthwork in a pit, the rate of flow of a lake) by intersection of models; calculating the prismoids between the triangles of the two models, this method grants a greater precision in the final results. It is also possible to determine the volume of a digital model according to a reference elevation; any method for volume calculation can be applied to the whole model or to parts of it. A specific report lists in detail the partials calculated for each prismoid, justifying analytically the results obtained. Volume calculation can also be performed by sections according to two different methods: by average end areas or equalized areas. Leveling The definition of a plane of leveling can be performed by three different methods; it is | | possible to calculate the volume of a leveling with or without adjustment between cut and fill volumes. Besides cut and fill volumes also the crossing lines between cut and fill areas are calculated and for each point an elevation is determined on the plane defined. Cross sections Automatic extraction of terrain sections both along a direction and along a polyline with possible projection of the points on the main directrix. Extraction of elevations according to the elements that can be found in the survey: triangles, contour lines, break lines, survey points. The annotation of sections is fully automatic and can be personalized, including dimensioning of partial distances (plane and inclined), progressives (plane and inclined), elevations, differences in elevation, slopes, names and vertex coordinates. The cross elements of the sections can also be inserted manually in the graphic window or by inserting the distance and the elevation of each point; it is possible to Integrate the sections with supplementary workings such as stripping, terrain recovery etc. The graphic management allows to work on the sections having the results of the interventions displayed in real time on the screen. Volume calculation can be performed by average end areas or equalized areas; the results of volume calculation can be transferred directly to the SierraSoft tool called Opera. Generation of maps Topko M can generate georeferenced raster maps that can be exported to other software. Topko can generate maps for altimetries, exposures, slopes, cut and fill, etc. Maps can be personalized by selecting the colors to be used, the titles and the legend. It is also possible to save maps on disk in the most widespread graphic formats. | | |
| | | Terrain modelling The generation of a triangle digital terrain model (DTM) can be obtained manually, by indicating the triangles one by one, semi-automatically or automatically, by defining inclusion and exclusion boundary, break lines (walls, sideslopes, etc.). Besides triangle digital terrain model, also a line digital terrain model is performed, which operates in the same mode as the triangle digital terrain model, but is easier to manage and grants, for certain types of work (for example survey of roads), more precise and accurate results. Generation of square and triangle mesh models, starting from triangle digital model. Contour lines On a digital model, Topko creates contour lines according to a selected equidistance. Contour lines can be calculated with two methods: linear and B-Spline. It is possible to set both the rounding-coefficient and the calculation method. On creating B-spline contour lines, it is possible to specify the tension to be applied to curves vertexes: the higher the tension, the closer the contour lines will be to the points that determined them, then, it is possible to intervene on any single curve and set a different tension for each vertex or to any single vertex. In this way, all | | |