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Design of ventilation systems Calculation of required air flow volume
The required extract or intake air volume of a room depends on the use and the contamination or odours that are created within it. A critical factor may also be the amount of heat that needs to be extracted.
The calculation of the air flow volume may be done using various criteria with the following equations and tables. In some cases, several ways of calculating should be used and the higher figure taken (e.g. restaurant: no of people - air changes per hour).
Table 1 Air changes per hour and (recommended) noise levels
Room type
Ac/h
Max. sound power
Suggested method
level dB(A)
of ventilation
Assembly plants
4 - 8
60 - 70
Auditoriums
6 - 8
35 - 40
Intake and extract
5 - 7
45
Battery rooms
5 -10
70
Explosion proof
Car parks
5
70
Extract
Changing rooms
6 - 8
60
Extract
Cinemas and theatres
5 - 8
35 / 25
Intake and extract
Classrooms
5 - 7
40
Cloakrooms
4 - 6
50
Conference rooms
6 - 8
45
Dye rooms
5 -15
70
Explosion proof, acid proof
Foundries
8 -15
80
Extract, energy balance
Gymnasiums
4 - 6
50
Kitchens - Domestic
15 -25
45 - 50
Extract
- Commercial
15 -30
50 - 60
Extract
Laboratories
8 -15
60
Extract, Expolsion+, acid proof
Laundrettes
10 -20
60 - 70
Energy balance
Libraries
4 - 5
35 - 40
Living rooms
3 - 6
day 40/night 30
Meeting rooms
5 -10
45
Metal hardening plants
up to 80
80
Extract, energy balance
Offices
4 - 8
45
Paint rooms
10 -20
70
Explosion proof
Photographic printing
10 -15
60
Extract
Plant rooms
10 -40
60 - 80
Energy balance
Restaurants, casinos
8 -12
45 - 55
Intake and extract
Retail shops
4 - 8
50 - 60
Safes
3 - 6
60
Sheet metal shops
8 -12
60
Extract, energy balance
Shower rooms
15 -25
65 - 70
Pre heated intake air
Spray booths
25 - 50
70
Explosion proof
3 - 4
50
Pre heated intake air
Tanneries
5 -15
70
Acid protection
Toilets - Domestic
4 - 5
40
Extract
- Commercial/public
8 -15
50
Extract
Waiting rooms
4 - 6
45
Welding shops
20 - 30
70 - 80
Spot extract systems
Workshops
- with low pollution
3 - 6
60 - 70
- with high pollution
10 -20
60 - 70
Table 2 Air exchange rate per person and room type
Type of room
m3
Type of room
m3
h x persons
h x persons
Auditoriums
30
Museums
20
Canteens
30
Offices (open plan) 50
Cinemas
20
Offices (small)
30
Classrooms
30
Party rooms
20
Common rooms
30
Reading rooms
20
Conference rooms
30
Restaurants
40
Exhibition halls
20
Rest rooms
30
Gymnasiums
20
Shops
20
Hotel rooms
30
Theatres, concert halls 20
I Calculation of air flow volume using air change rate
Air change rates (see table 1) are based on past experience and do not take into account special pollutants.
V= VR • Ac/h [m3/h]
VR: Room volume m3
Ac: Air changes per hour (from table 1)
I Calculation of air flow volume using the number of people in a room (DIN 1946, Pt. 2) In rooms with additional pollutants (e. g. tabacco smoke) the air flow per person has to be increased by 20 m3/h.
Calculation of air flow volume using maximum pollutant concentration levels.
To limit the level of pollutant to a specific value.
|_V= P • ACP [m3/h]_
P: Number of people
ACP: Air change rate per person (from table 2)
M
[m3/h]
V=
kMAC- ka
M: Hourly absorbtlon of toxic agent mg/h k|MAC: Max. permitted toxic agent
concentration mg/m3 (see MAC-table 3) ka: Concentration of toxins in replacement
air mg/m3 (MAC-table v. C. Hermanns
Verlag, Cologne)
Calculation of air flow volume using the amount of humidity
To limit the moisture level in the air to a specific value.
G
[m3/h]
(x2- • p
G:
x1:
Amount of water gram/hour Water content of extracted air g water / kg air
Water content of replacement air g water / kg air
Air density kg/m3 (at 20 °C, 1013 mbar = 1.2 kg/m3
p:
Calculation of air flow volume using the heat to be extracted
To limit the room temperature by removing the heat generated.
Q • 3600 p • Cp • AT
V=
[m3/h]
Q Required heat extraction kW
Cp: Specific heat capacity of air kJ/(kg • K)
(Air at 20 °C: cp - 1) AT: Temperature difference between
intake and extract air °C p: Air density kg/m3 (at 20 °C, 1013 mbar =
1,2 kg/m3 (1 kWh = 3600 kJ)
Calculation of required heat to temper intake air
To establish the heater rise for the air flow selected.
Table 3 Extract from MAC-table (max. permitted toxic agent)
V • p • Cp • AT
3600
Q
[kW]
Toxic
cm3
mg
Toxic
cm3
mg
m3
m3
m3
m3
Acetone
1000
2400
Hydrazine
0.1
0.13
Aniline
2
8
||lodine
0.1
1
Ammonia
50
35
Methanole
200
260
Asbestos dust
-
2
||Nicotine
0.07
0.5
Lead
-
0.1
||NO
5 9
Butane
1000
2350
Ozone
0.1
0.2
Chloride
0.5
1.5
||Propane
1000
1800
Chromate
-
0.1
PVC
3
8
Carbon monox.
30
33
Quicksilver
0.01
0.1
CO2
5000
9000
1 (Saltpeter
10
25
Formaldehyde
0.1
1.2
SO2 (H2SO4)
2 (-)
5 (1)
Hydro chloride
5
7
Zinc oxide
-
5
QL Heater output kW
V: Air flow volume m3/h
p: Air density 1.2 kg/m3 (20 °C)
cp: Spec. heat capacity kJ/(kg • K)
AT: Temperature difference (K) between
ö i Room temperature and
ö a Outdoor temperature
AT= ö i - ö a [K]
12
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